Bshs 402 Free Essays

string(111) contrasts and similitudes of case the board in the network setting and in the oversaw care environment. Course Syllabus BSHS/402 CASE MANAGEMENT Course Start Date: 10/30/2012 Course End Date: 12/3/2012 Please print a duplicate of this schedule for helpful reference. At whatever point there is an inquiry regarding what assignments are expected, if it's not too much trouble recollect this schedule is viewed as the decision record. Copyright  ©2009 by University of Phoenix. We will compose a custom paper test on Bshs 402 or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now All rights saved. College of Phoenixâ © is an enlisted trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States as well as different nations. Microsoftâ ©, Windowsâ ©, and Windows NT © are enlisted trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States as well as different nations. All other organization and item names are trademarks or enlisted trademarks of their particular organizations. Utilization of these imprints isn't planned to suggest support, sponsorship, or association. Altered as per University of Phoenixâ © publication gauges and practices. Course Description This course covers standards, practices, and issues on the off chance that administration. The determination and treatment of formative, mental, and mental roblems and treatment assets in the rent prohibitive and most financially savvy settings will be analyzed. Course Topics amp; Objectives Week One: Case Management Overview, Clientele, and Practice Models  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Understand the fundamental definition and use of the case the executives capacity and procedure.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Delineate the ideas of case the execut ives as they apply to the necessities of different uncommon populaces.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Describe the parts of an incorporated conveyance model of case the board. Week Two: Implementation of the Case Management Process  â â â â â â â Describe the job and practice system of case the executives.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Identify the distinctions and similitudes of case the executives in the network setting and in the oversaw care condition. You read Bshs 402 in class Papers Week Three: Case Management Skills: Interpersonal and Information Gathering Skills, Goal Setting, Intervention, and Evaluation  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Demonstrate the relational aptitudes important to fabricate affinity in the beginning times of case the board.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Understand the joining of evaluation to issue distinguishing proof and objective setting.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Examine the association between intercession arranging and asset use. Week Four: Case Management Skills: Counseling, Therapy, and Linking of Clients to Servicesâ  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Examine the individual helping mediations that can effectsly affect standards of conduct of powerless customers.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Understand the case manager’s job in creating formal and casual linkages to profit the customer. Week Five: Case Management Skills: Reassessment, Outcome Monitoring, Advocacy, and General Case Management Problemsâ  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Understand the connection of reassessment, observing, and result assessment to the anticipation of future issues. Course Materials  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Rothman, J. , ;amp; Sager, J. S. (1998). Case the board: Integrating individual and network practice (second ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Every electronic material are accessible on your understudy Web webpage. Point Values for Course Assignmentsâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â ASSIGNMENTS| Points| Individual (75%)|  | All WeeksParticipation and Discussion Questions| 200| Week Two Individual Assignment: Special Populations Paper| 150| Week Three Individual Assignment: Textbook Quiz| 200| Week FiveIndividual Assignment: Final Examination| 200| Learning Team (25%)|  | Week TwoLearning Team Charter| 25| Week ThreeCase Manager Interview Questions| 25| Week FourLearning Team Assignment: Informal Networks Paper| 100| Week FiveLearning Team Assignment: Case Manager Interviews Presentation| 100| Total| 100| Week One Case Management Overview, Clientele, and Practice Models  â â â â â â â Understand the fundamental definition and use of the case the executives capacity and procedure.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Delineate the ideas of case the executives as they apply to the requirements of different unique populaces.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Describe the segments of a coordinated conveyance model of case the board. Course Assignments 1. Readings  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Read the Appendix and Ch. 1, 2, ;amp; 10 of Case Management.  ·Ã¢ à ¢ â â â â â â Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 2. Learning Team Instructions  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Review the Week One goals and talk about experiences and questions you may have.  â â â â â â â Prepare for the Case Manager Interviews Power Point Presentation. ? â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Create an arrangement for how the caseworker meetings will be chosen and directed and including any new thoughts. ? â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Discuss the zones that every one of you wishes to seek after, who to contact, and how to contact likely interviewees. ? â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Start your inquiry NOW to discover a caseworker to meet for your LT venture. Every understudy is requir ed to meet a caseworker. You can't talk with somebody where you work and you can't talk with you own caseworker in the event that you have one. Your caseworkers must have either a BA or MA degree. ? â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Start pondering inquiries you will pose to your caseworker. Working with your colleagues, begin talking about potential inquiries you will pose to the caseworkers during the meeting.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Information acquired from these meetings will consolidated and blended into a Power Point introduction in Week Five about how caseworkers work in reality.  â â â â â â â Search online for articles on case the board for uncommon requirements populaces. Every individual can pick their own populace to compose on for the Week Two Special Population paper; this is an activity to enable each group to find out about different unique populaces. ? â â â â â â â â â â â â â à ¢ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Divide the different handicap populaces and direct an online quest for articles on each student’s explicit populace. ? â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Review the articles found and spotlight on the likenesses and contrasts in administrations to the different populaces.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Conduct a gathering conversation where you survey the similitudes and contrasts on the off chance that administration rehearses between unique needs populaces. 3. Conversation Questions  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â There is a distinction in objectives that are set by the customer, and objectives that a supplier may want for the customer to accomplish. Analyze customer driven objectives and supplier given objectives.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â As we’ve gained from this week’s perusing, there are a wide range of types of promotion. Examine the job of promotion in the event that administration. What are a few instances of ways we as caseworkers can fittingly advocate for our customers? Week after week Reminders Discussion Questions Discussion question reactions will notâ count towards the class interest prerequisite. Just Posts to the Main discussion will tally towards support. All Week: Remember to take an interest in the class conversations 4 out of 7 days during the week. Synopsis of Week 1 Deliverables Assignment| Individual or Learning Team| Location| Due|  Participation| Individual| Main| Ongoing â€â 4 days per week| Bio| Individual| Chat Room| Tuesday| Check-In| Individual| Main| Wednesday| Discussion Question (DQ) #1| Individual| Main| Wednesday| DQ #2| Individual| Main| Friday| Registration to the Learning Team | Learning Team| Learning Team| Monday| Week Two Implementation of the Case Management Process  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Describe the job and practice structure of case the executives.  ·Ã¢ â â â â â â â Identify the distinctions and likenesses of case mama

Teletech Corporation 1996

Teletech Corporation 1996 Teletech Corporations has headquartered in Dallas, Texas, characterized itself as a â€Å"provider of incorporated data development and the board. The firm had two fundamental business sections: The Telecommunication Services and the assembling of registering and media communications gear named, Product and Systems. Margareth Weston, a Teletech CFO, educated of Yosarrian's letter in January 1996. Margareth composed a group quickly of legal counselors and account staff to survey the threat.Maxwell Harper, the company's CEO, booked a video chat meeting of the association's governing body the following day. Harper and Weston concurred that before the gathering they have to design a reaction to Yossarian's affirmations about the company's profits. It is regarding the article distributed that hermitic extremely rich person Victor Yossarian has gained a 10 percent stake in Teletech Corporation and has requested two seats on the association's governing body. The b uy was uncovered after documenting with the Securities and Exchange Commission and independently a letter to Teletech's CEO, Maxwell Harper.It is expressed that the firm is abusing its assets and not winning a sufficient return and the organization should desert its misinformed section into PCs and sell the Product and System Segment. Additionally, the administration must concentrate on making an incentive for investors and Teletech must gave a concise articulation underlining the ideals of a connection between PC innovation and broadcast communications. Amusingly, returns had been the subject of discussion inside the association's hover of ranking directors in late month.A number of issues had been raised about the obstacle rate utilized by the organization in assessing execution and in setting the yearly capital spending plan. Since the organization was relied upon to put almost $2 billion in capital in 1996, picking up conclusion and agreement on these issues had become a signifi cant need for Margareth Weston. Presently, Yossarian's letter loaned earnestness to the conversation. In the short run Margaret expected to react to Yossarian. In a since a long time ago run, she expected to evaluate the contending perspectives and suggested new arrangements as important.

8 Book and Netflix Original Series Pairings

8 Book and Netflix Original Series Pairings If you’ve been paying any attention, you know that Netflix is creating some of the most marathon-worthy original content these days. But once you’ve watched all available episodes of your favorite Netflix show, you can find yourself in a sad slump. What to do now? It’s too soon to start a new series, but you’re not ready to leave your cozy couch cocoon. Lucky for you, we’re here with eight book recommendations based on your favorite Netflix shows! These book and Netflix original series pairings are sure to help you end those last episode blues. The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina/Labyrinth Lost If you enjoy the balance of dark magic and teen drama in The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, you’ll love Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Córdova. Much like Sabrina, teenage bruja Alex has a complicated relationship with her family legacy of magic. When she tries to rid herself of her powers at her Deathday celebration, her spell backfires and her whole family disappears. She must team up with Nova, a brujo she doesn’t trust, to save her family and redeem herself. Jessica Jones/Zero Sum Game If you’re a fan of badass private eye/superhero Jessica Jones, you’ll definitely appreciate badass mercenary/math genius Cas Russell from S.L. Huang’s Zero Sum Game. The author is a weapons expert and professional stuntwoman with a math degree from MIT. She’s used her expertise to create Cas, a protagonist who can calculate the trajectory of bullets and use her knowledge of physics to jump off of roofs and through windows. When she encounters a secret organization experimenting with mind control, her mastery of numbers gets more complicated. Much like Jessica Jones, Cas faces a lot of ethical questions when her skills, her job, and enemies that can control minds clash. Black Mirror/Friday Black If you like the experimental sci-fi feel of Black Mirror, you should check out the captivating short story collection Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah. Adjei-Brenyah examines the everyday racism black people face by putting his characters in heightened, surreal situations. In one story, a young actor struggles with his role in an augmented reality that allows players to hunt “terrorists” or “intruders.” In another, a mall store employee must survive an apocalyptic zombie-like Black Friday sale. These and other haunting tales serve as social commentary in a way fans of Black Mirror will love. Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt/Mr. Mrs. American Pie For fans of the absurd and hilarious Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Mr. Mrs. American Pie by Juliet McDaniel is the perfect fit. Socialite and former beauty queen Maxine is climbing the social ranks in Palm Spring in 1969. That is, until her husband leaves her for his significantly younger secretary and she has a public meltdown. She decides that winning the Mr. Mrs. American Pie contest is the only way to save her image. But first, she has to find a makeshift family she can sell to the judges as her own. It’s laugh-out-loud funny, led by an outrageous cast of characters and a plucky protagonist who will always find a way. Dear White People/Eloquent Rage If you love the razor-sharp social commentary of Dear White People, read Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney Cooper. This essay collection is an astute and captivating examination of modern racism, respectability politics, and Black womanhood. Much like Samantha in Dear White People, Brittney Cooper has chosen to use her anger to fight racism and sexism in a powerful, thought-provoking way. Queer Eye/GuRu Love the life advice and feel-goodiness of Queer Eye? Then you’re sure to enjoy the charming stories, thoughtful guidance, and beautiful pictures in GuRu, a new book from legendary drag queen RuPaul. Mama Ru is full of memorable one liners and tips for mindfulness.  GuRu has a little bit of everything to provide perspective for the mind, body, and spirit.  It will leave you feeling joyful and refreshed, much like Queer Eye’s Fab Five. Orange is the New Black/The Mars Room Fans of Orange is the New Black, a dramedy set in a New York women’s prison, should check out The Mars Room by Rachel Kushner, a novel set in a California women’s prison. When single mother and former stripper Romy kills a man who stalked her, she’s sentenced to two consecutive life sentences. Upon her arrival in prison, she meets a variety of inmates with their own stories to tell. It’s a look at the harsh realities of incarceration and a flawed justice system told through many perspectives. The diversity of voices and experiences will appeal to Orange is the New Black viewers. Grace and Frankie/Bingo Love If you’re obsessed with the late-in-life romances and quirky relationships in Grace and Frankie, you’re bound to adore Bingo Love, a comic by Tee Franklin, Jenn St-Onge, Joy San, and Cardinal Rae. Hazel and Mari fell in love at first sight at church bingo in 1963, but they were forced apart by their families and society. When they meet again decades later, they decide to give their love a chance. It’s heartwarming and sincere, much like the love and friendships in Grace and Frankie. Did we miss your favorite show? Share your best Netflix series and book pairing in the comments! You can find more coverage of bookish Netflix shows here, and check out these other TV and book pairings: Book and Sitcom Pairings for Your Reading Pleasure Romance Novels to Read Based on Your Favorite Reality TV Shows Choose Some TV Shows and Well Give You a Book to Read

Obama Care Paper - 1322 Words

19 April 2011 What can be done to help health care cost? The main cause for the healthcare reform bill is the rising cost of health insurance for the American citizens. From the 1960s to the 1980s healthcare spending went from $28 billion to $255 billion. By the beginning of 2000, healthcare spending increased to $1.4 trillion. The United States economy has slowly declined due to several factors, the cost of health care is one. Presidents, state representatives, hospital and insurance executives, and economists have tried to attack this huge deficit. There are several things that can be done in order to reduce rapidly increasing health care spending. Some actions that could benefit the United States economy is the stop of wasteful†¦show more content†¦Hospitals also provide unnecessary and expensive care to those patients that are on life support. Discuss options with those patients and make sure they are aware of the cost they are willing to leave their family to deal with. Helping hospi tals cut those expenses is another important action to take. A patient suffering from one or more major illnesses may depend on several different doctors to help them. These doctors usually never talk to one other. The patient’s medical bills are stacking up because doctors are running the same test over again. With the doctors not communicating, it means that there will be extra treatments, double prescriptions and more of the same test. Patients should make sure their doctors talk to each other and know which test have been given and the results of the test. A person can also keep their own medical records for their personal files. Doctor offices will charge anywhere from $10 to $100 to transfer medical records. There are some offices that do not charge if patients request a copy of their medical records. Another major way to cut cost individually will just be for every citizen to take better care of themselves. It does not take much for a person to eat better and to do mi ld exercising in order to reduce their individual healthcare bills. Also, many common illnesses can be treated with over the counter drugs. Do notShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent should the Affordable Care Act â€Å"Obama Care†, be the responsibility of the Federal government, and not the burden of the state under the guidelines of Federalism? In the past years down to 2008 we the people have heard conflicting arguments about the Affordable Care Act, also known as â€Å"Obama Care†. Obama Care is a health insurance plan ran by the federal government. A health insurance plan in which everyone in the United States is eligible to have weather you are rich, middle classRead MoreLeadership Skills Of Jean Watson And Michelle Obama1458 Words   |  6 Pages The Leadership Skills of Jean Watson and Michelle Obama Oluwatoyin Adekonye Georgia State University â€Æ' The Leadership Skills of Jean Watson and Michelle Obama This paper will talk about the leadership philosophy of two female leaders Jean Watson and Michelle Obama, and how their leadership skills have impacted many lives. The purpose of this paper is to discuss what it means to be a leader, types, and characteristics of a leader, why it is important to have an effective leader, qualitiesRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Obama Care )908 Words   |  4 PagesFor this reaction paper, I have chosen the topic of whether or not I believe that the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) should be repealed, replaced with something else, or stay in its current form. I believe that Obama Care should be fully repealed. However, I don’t believe that just repealing this legislation is enough. I believe that there should be a series of reforms ready for implementation that follow free market principles and that will restore economic freedom. There are far more cons thanRead MoreThe United States And Health Care1159 Words   |  5 Pagesuniversal health care plan but the politicians of the day would never allow the federal government that type of power and control. At his time in American history healthcare was thought to be a personal issue or at least an issue that would be left to the states or even smaller government agencies. After World War II many politicians tried and failed to pass a national healthcare plan until Obama Care was passed and forced on the people of the United States. The reality is that Obama care is not evenRead MorePresident Obama Health Care Speech866 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing the Rhetorical situation in president Obama Health care Speech to The congress A rhetorical situation is compressed of three components. These components are; the problem: which is basically the social issue under discussion, audience whom the message is addressed to and the constraint which is the limitations to achieving the social issue being advocated for (Worth, 2009). Primarily, the interplay of the following components leads to development a formidable rhetorical situation. InRead MoreBarack Obama s Accomplishments And Challenges Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Barack Obama is seen as one of the most controversial presidents in the recent U.S. history. This paper will examine Obama s legacy by introducing his background prior to the white House; analyze Obama’s major accomplishments and challenges in the past 8 years. As well as examines the internal opposition force from the other branches of the government Obama faced when conducting domestic policy. Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a white mother from Kansas, StanleyRead MoreEssay on How Barack Obama has Impacted America1090 Words   |  5 PagesBarack Obama Barack Obama has impacted America in many ways since he was elected the 44th president on November 4th, 2008. The first African American president of the United States has taken the world by storm and done many great things for this country. Barack Obama has accomplished many things in his personal life, and also as the president of the United States. Obama has affected the world financially, economically, and rebuilt our image as a nation. Not only has Obama ended the war in IraqRead MoreTopics For Health Care Essay849 Words   |  4 Pageshealth, health care administration, or health informatics). I elected to focus my paper on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and whether the implementation of this bill has helped combat the rising price of pharmaceutical drugs. This paper will also investigate the history of the ACA, the result that this law has made within the health care industry, as well as its recommended solutions. History of the ACA The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is generally known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA)Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obama s 2016 Democratic National Convention Speech1551 Words   |  7 PagesI realized that Michelle Obama uses rhetorical devices and appeals throughout this entire speech, and frankly since her purpose is to persuade the people of the this country to vote for Hillary I think Michelle Obama took the right approach. I get a strong sense of honesty from the first lady as she talks about why Ms. Clinton is worthy enough to take on the mantle of leadership for our great nation. After listening to my speech multiple times I notice how Michelle Obama also uses amplification,Read MoreThe Health Records Of Healthcare1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe health record has been around for many years, and it first started with a group of individuals in the 1920’s to realize that documenting health care data provided better quality care. Healthcare provide rs recognized that they were able to treat patients more accurately with a documented history of the patients. It wasn’t until the 1980’s that healthcare professionals started to venture out into the computerized healthcare technology. In the 90’s technology was making gains and healthcare

Hamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet - 1314 Words

In order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why the male behave in such ways, is it the male ego, personality, or just the male gender. Hamlet has many character flaws that interferes with his loyalty to his country, father,mother, and response to duty. Shakespere diplays Hamlet as the tragic hero of the play, he†¦show more content†¦Hamlet struggles with decisiveness. He dislike his uncle Claudis . The marriage of Hamlets mother to Claudis angers Hamlet, this plays a significant role in the character tragic flaw. This create a trust issue between Gertrude and her son Hamlet, does her loyalty lies to her husband King Claudis or to son Hamlet. Hamlet feels a lack of trust this establish a hostile relationship towards his mother now his auntie. This behavior is displayed in Act 3 scene 4 lines 10-15 Gertrude tells Hamlet fear me not, thou hast thy father much offeneded. Hamlet answers back saying mother you have my father much offended , Getrude states Have you forgot me? Hamlet responses by saying No, by the rood, not so you are the queen, your husbands brother s wife, And-would it were no so-you are my mother.Everyone knowns that mother and son bond is stronger than any bond, the conflict between mother and her child is revealed in this scene. Hamlet heart begins to hearten towards his mother the bond mother and son once shared has been destroyed by the monster Claudis refer to as a Vililian in the play by the ghost. Gertrude acceptance of King Claudis hand in marriage overwhelms Hamlet frightening him. The acceptance of an evil man deteirs her once happy relationship with Hamlet. Hamlet begins to feel like an outsider a step child in the wrong family is the attutide taken on by Hamlet towards Gertrude and Claudis. This plays a role in the tragicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hamlet as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play748 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play According to the Aristoltelian view of tragedy, a tragic hero must fall through his own error. This is typically called the tragic flaw and can be applied to any characteristic that causes the downfall of a hero. Hamlet can be seen as a aristotelian tragedy and hamlet as its tragic hero. Hamlets flaw, which in accordance with Aristotles principles of tragedy causes demise, is his inability to act. This defectRead MoreIs Hamlet A Tragic Hero Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be: a hero. That is the question often asked of William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet: whether Hamlet II, Prince of Denmark, can be considered a hero. Throughout the play Hamlet proves himself to be a hero, although different from the usual sense of one. Hamlet is a tragic hero, â€Å"a great or virtuous character . . . who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat . . . who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedyRead More Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to beRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1599 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Conley Mr. David Rasnake English 1020 November 10, 2015 Paper 3~ Tragic Hero What is tragedy? What makes someone or something a tragic hero? A tragedy is â€Å"A serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior face and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion elicits the pity or terror† (Merriam-Webster). Tragedy can be a good or a bad thing in life. Also, depending on what the tragedy is, it should have a powerful impact on our lives. A tragedy can changeRead MoreHamlet Was Not Shakespeare’S First Tragedy, Nor Would It1627 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet was not Shakespeare’s first tragedy, nor would it be his last, but it is certainly one of his most venerated for one reason in particular: Hamlet himself, the tragic hero. Not even Aristotle could have predicted that a character as complex and intricate as Hamlet would ever come into writing, although he did lay the foundation for which Hamlet could be built upon. As with most tragic heroes, where Hamlet begins in the play gives tremendous magnitude to where he eventually ends. He begins asRead MoreEssay about Greek Tragedy E xemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet1191 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Hamlet For several thousands of years, drama has existed among mankind. The ancient Greeks are accredited with the creation of drama, which began as simple religious rituals and eventually evolved into the more complex forms of tragedies and comedies. The first rules of drama, not surprisingly, were also written by a Greek--the famous philosopher and intellectual, Aristotle. Aristotle took note of the what qualities created a successful dramatic piece by observing a plethora of plays writtenRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero850 Words   |  4 Pagesas a hero if they revenge? Well In the novel Hamlet the author, William Shakespeare creates tragic events where his main character Hamlet has to overcome to achieve his goal of killing his evil uncle Claudius. â€Å"In life one has to do bad thing in order to be a hero,the hero also has to make sacrifices in order to be successful† (John Barrowman). In Shakespeare Hamlet, should hamlet be considered a tragic hero judging by him following the hero steps. Shakespeare proves that Hamlet was a tragic heroRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1252 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle claims that a tragic hero is a protagonist who evokes pity in its audience and has a tragic flaw that ultimately leads to their downfall. They must also be virtues and noble or of some importance. Like many of Shakespeare’s protagonist Hamlet is regarded by many as a tragic hero. They place him in the ranks of characters like Othello, Romeo and Antony. However, even though Hamlet shares many similarities with these characters and possess many of the attributes outlined by Aristotle, heRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero1071 Words   |  5 Pages Hamlet as a Tragic Hero The Webster dictionary defines tragedy as, â€Å"a serious drama typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror.† (Webster Dictionary) So a tragic hero is a character who goes through a conflict and suffers catastrophically as a direct result of his choices. You will see throughout this story that the character Hamlet is a clear example of Shakespeare’s tragic hero. ShakespeareRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare648 Words   |  3 PagesTo be, or not to be, or maybe just to pretend to be – Hamlet - make up your mind already! Before discussing Hamlet’s hamartia, please let me say that Hamlet is one of my all-time favorite plays. Yes, it is tragic. Yes, they all fall in the end. But, good lord, what action! So, what is this shortcoming the unfortunate Hamlet possesses that brings about his undeserved end? Before discussing the frailty of this tragic hero, let us examine the word, hamartia, used by Aristotle in â€Å"The Poetics†. Hamartia

Societies have evolved a variety of structures for settling disputes Free Essays

Settling disputes is a major part of politics and social control, which are vital for the harmonious function of any society. Different societies achieve this in different ways. In western state society formal offices are held and people given authority to judge and implement punishment or resolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Societies have evolved a variety of structures for settling disputes or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the other end of the spectrum are the egalitarian societies, where authority is non-existent, no-one has any power to make anybody do anything, and inequality is very actively discouraged. There are a vast array of structures that come between the two extremes for example those that have a mixture of formal offices and informal methods. This essay examines first the structured court system of western state society, and then the less structured but still formal method of dispute settlement used by the Zapotec people of the Ralu’a village (or pueblo) in South America. This comparison shows that even though there are formal institutions in place in both societies, which may initially seem a poor comparison, however the objective with which they are used varies greatly and they are used to very different effect. The essay concludes that although we may initially think the more personalised approach of the Zapotec may have a more favourable outcome regarding social cohesion, it has to be recognised that such methods may not be practical or necessary in our western state society. First to consider is our own Western system for settling disputes. Western state society has a regulatory court system in which there are an extensive number of laws and sanctions that are formally codified (Peoples Bailey, 2003). Our formalised system of regulation courts allows the use of physical coercion and the use of sanctions should people deviate from the norms that are ascribed to society. Different courts deal with differing types of disputes. The ability to settle a dispute is left almost exclusively to authority, and authority is central to the system’s success. We have many appointed offices of people in authority to the general public, for example judges, police officers, which have power to manipulate and coerce others legitimately. The extensive set of depersonalised laws prevents the settling of disputes in ways that violate the legal principle of the culture, such as violence. Even verbal arguments in public may be considered breach of the peace, an offence for which people can be arrested and reprimanded. Disputes are turned into a very formal depersonalised matter, with the onus on discovering fault, placing blame and punishment; provocation for an act may be somewhat taken into account, but at the end of the day if you were provoked into doing wrong you still did wrong, and are still punished. Western state society court systems also serve as a preventative measure by making acts that could result in dispute illegal. For example, a person’s property is protected through procedural laws regarding theft; laws against violence deter physical fights; people can even be fined for noise offences. Thus the system has a preventative element by not allowing things that aggravate or are even an expression of a dispute. Disputes can also be avoided through the use of restraining orders decreeing that a person may not go within a certain distance of anyone else; anything considered as breaching the peace or any law is a punishable offence regardless of the consequences. It is the consequences of individuals actions, not social disharmony, that motivates individuals toward a peaceful society. There is a great emphasis on power, control and authority. Breaking a law, however trivial, are still punished simply because they are forbidden. Recent emphasis on a ‘zero tolerance’ strategy, a strategy where any act that potentially threatens authority, control and peace in society is punished. Punishment is not solely aimed at providing compensation, but importance is placed on punishment and reprimanding those in breach of the law, the idea of justice is paramount. Laws are in general absolute and universal; there is little room for movement in light of factors leading up to an act. Consider the murder convictions- there is a murder classified on a number of levels according to intent, intention and so on. Even the extenuating circumstances are formally codified. This is perhaps because of the size and anonymous nature of society- the idea of controlling a vast number and variety of people is more important than harmony and future relationships; a dispute does not have the same potential impact as in a small close knit society for societal relations. The only way to maintain harmony is via numerous substantive and procedural laws, and having total control over dispute settlements. How effective is the Western system? Through such extensive substantive and procedural laws we accept we are not in control of situations. There is an authority that can sort out disputes without things escalating too dangerously, and responsibility is removed from both disputants. However, I would consider it very rare if one person were to pass another person in the street that they had sued and they’re to be any chance of a friendly exchange. The onus on placing blame means that one party is exonerated and the other incriminated, which can breed resentment. There is a clear cut line between right and wrong defined and decreed in the written procedural laws. Punishment for crimes are universal and there is clear legal principle that individuals are expected to adhere to. Deviance is punished regardless of its impact on society, instilling a code of conduct and the power of authority, which can work as a preventative measure. Punishments such as incarceration and fines may instil bitterness and a desire for revenge. The dispute is not really settled; more that blame has been officially placed and the plaintiff compensated. In comparison are the Zapotec Indians of Ralu’a village in South America studied by Laura Nader (Spradley McCurdey, 2003). The Zapotec have a number of levels for settling disputes. They have a mediation court system, but a number of more informal methods that are encouraged before court is reached. There are a number of implicit procedural laws, but settlements are usually made on a case-by -case basis with no formalised codifying. Their basic legal principle is â€Å"to make the balance†. Our western legal systems focus primarily on placing blame, finding fault, and a relevant punishment for going against the culture’s legal principle. The Zapotec are more concerned with maintaining the balance, finding a peaceful resolution, and the future relationships involved. Their aim is not to punish potential threats to the control of the state government but to maintain a harmonious, cohesive community. If someone has wronged another the aim of the Zapotec system is to provide a solution that suits all, so people do have to pay fines and there are consequences for actions, but they work to find a balance between justice and resentment. There are formalised institutions, of which there are a number of levels, for which disputes in Ralu’a can be settled, depending on the extent of the dispute and its seriousness. The first port of call is to take the dispute to the town hall, or municipio, to go before a group of principales and the presidente. The principales are a group of 13 nominated men that form an advisory group. Each year 3 men are nominated for the position of village chairman, the presidente. Although the system is technically a formal system, informality is maintained through the positions in the municipio being democratically decided and member being nominated. This way individual’s taking their case to the municipio are more likely to respect the final settlement as those who are mediating are respected individuals, chosen by the community. The Zapotec have an interesting way of reining in the most problematic individuals by way of making them members of the town police, the head of which is the sindico, who is also responsible for running the communal work program of the pueblo. The policia consists of 12 members under two lieutenants and one chief of police. The chief of police is generally the roughest most disruptive man. This is the opposite of how western society works- responsibility, authority and influence is removed from troublemakers. Together, the sindico and presidente are able to settle the majority of disputes. The next level in the chain is the alcalde that presides over the justice of the peace, and settles the more serious disputes. The final port of call is the district court, which is seen as a last resort. Taking a dispute the municipio is more of a last resort as social pressure attaches shame and dishonour to those who resort to such measures. This social pressure encourages people in the community to sort out their own disputes before they reach a level requiring such intervention. Such an example is of a dispute regarding washing stones at a well. One female had chosen a washing stone next to her friend which was not her usual washing stone, when the owner arrived they angrily asked the woman to move, even though there were other free washing stones available. Tension increased and insults exchanged; eventually the whole village became involved taking sides, and other similar disputes arose. Water began to dry up at this well, and villagers believed this was a consequence of the women’s dispute, and action had to be taken. A meeting of the Well Association was called in order to find a solution. The next time the women went to the well all the washing stones had been removed and replaced with concrete basins specifically allocated to no-one, and their use strictly based on a first-come-first-served basis. This way of settling the dispute was aimed at restoring the balance, at maintaining cohesion and harmony. The facts of the case were irrelevant, as was who was right or wrong and where the blame lay. However, the dispute was settled in a way that there would be no resentment between the women, and their relationships could be restored. The solution also provided a preventative measure to prevent such a dispute reoccurring. It will be interesting to compare the resolution of such a dispute in Zapotec society and western society. In Western state society it is likely that the second of the women who felt her washing stone had been taken unfairly would have employed a solicitor and lodged charges against the other women for stealing her washing stone. Assuming the case reached court lawyers would be employed to describe the facts to a judge, each side aiming to place blame on the other side. The judge would consult the various laws in order to decree who was at fault, or if any laws were broken. Blame would be ascribed and the dispute would be resolved by fines and punishments, however whether steps would be taken to prevent such a dispute re-occurring is debateable. Of course, such a dispute is unlikely to happen in western society due to the cultural differences. It is somewhat naive to suggest that the Zapotec’s ways of settling disputes are more effective than our own, as we have to consider the vast differences in our societies. Cohesion is not nearly as vital to everyday life here as it is in smaller communities- disputes are resolved in a very individual way, which is impractical for larger populations- we could not consider intricately every detail of why someone may have hit someone else- we have to have definite boundaries. Hitting is thought of as wrong and not desirable for a peaceful community, thus the fact it is against the law simply prohibits violence regardless of the reason. This is a simple black and white law, and has consequences of which everyone is aware. The depersonalised system is consistent with the impersonal nature of our society. To conclude there are clear differences in the way each society tackles dispute settlement. There is the authoritative Western system that seeks prevention through a vast number of procedural and substantive laws with the primary aim of ensuring ‘justice’ and punishment. Then there is the more informal system of the Zapotec Indians, who regard restoring the balance and future relationships as more important than placing the blame. I cannot see either system working in the other’s community due to the vast cultural differences, and differences in population size, however they seem to prove effective for each individual society. How to cite Societies have evolved a variety of structures for settling disputes, Papers

Pros And Cons Of James Harriots` Job Essays - James Herriot

Pro's And Con's Of James Harriots` Job Pro's and Con's of James Harriots' Job as a vet Most people working in the medical field treat human patients, but one common medical field is Complaining about his first experience in the country, James Herriot starts out his book saying, They didn't say anything about this in the books, I thought, as the snow blew in through the gaping doorway and settled on my back. No there wasn't a word in the books about searching for your ropes and instruments in the shadows; about trying to keep clean in a half bucket of tepid water; about the cobbles digging into your chest. Nor about the slow numbing of the arms, the creeping paralysis of the muscles as the fingers tried to work against the cows powerful explosive efforts. He clearly doesn't show any signs of enjoying his job, yet. Later on, on his way to Mr. Farnon, he remembers some of the horror stories told to him from experienced veterans, which had visited his college. One vet said, Never a night off or a half a day. He made me wash the car, dig the garden, mow the lawn, do the family shopping. But when he told me to sweep the chimney I left. And another remembers, First job I had to do was pass the stomach tube on a horse. Got it into the trachea instead of the esophagus. Couple of quick pumps and down went the horse with a hell of a crash-dead as a hammer. That's when I started these gray hairs. By that time James was doubting whether or not being a vet was the best profession he could have chosen. Deciding to stay a vet in the same city he quickly realized the problem of having to adapt to his new environment. One of the first he encountered was the ability to communicate properly with his customers. James, on the first day of work, while Mr. Farnon was out, had to deal with a customer on his own. Harriot had trouble understanding him due to the use of terms, to describe animal body parts, sickness, and diseases, which were made-up by farmers in that area. After the customer left (Harriot) returned thoughtfully to the sitting-room. It was disconcerting but I had listened to my first case history without understanding a word of it. There are many unexpected obstacles and difficulties which are going to come in his life time job as a vet. One of which he hates dearly is the fact that his job requires him to be able to be wide-awake and focused at any time, 24 hours a day 7 days a week. He got a call one night at 3:15A.M. to come help a farmer with his mane having trouble giving birth. He remembers, My stomach contracted to a tight ball. This was a little bit too much; once out of bed in the middle of the night was bad enough, but twice was unfair, in fact it was sheer cruelty. I had had a hard day and had been glad to crawl between the sheets at midnight. I had been hauled out once at one o'clock to a damned awkward calving and hadn't got back till nearly three. What time is it now? Three fifteen. Good god, I had only had a few minutes' sleep. And a foaling! Twice as difficult as a calving as a rule. What a life! What a bloody awful life! A gentleman, back in the school days, told him if you ever become a veterinary surgeon you will have a life of endless interest and variety. James thought that old chap was certainly wasn't kidding, variety. That was it variety. Variety is something you rarely get residing in the city. Every day you see the same buildings, go to the same office, meet the same people, and pretty much do the same work all year long. But as vet it's the extreme opposite. After a hard days work, Harriot wonders, but then I might have been in an office with the window tight shut against the petrol fumes and the traffic noise, the desk light shining on the columns of figures, my bowler

The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 essays

The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 essays The Revolutionary War in 1775 and the War of 1812 are both similar and at the same time different. The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 are similar in that, they both were fought mainly by the British and the North American colonist. At the same time, the two wars are different because they were influenced by different factors. As soon as the colonist got settled in North America, Britain began interfering with economic and political affairs of the colonies. Laws such as the Quarterly Act were examples of Britain influencing in the political affairs. Laws such as the Stamp Act were examples of economic interference in the colonies. The colonists were outraged by such events and started to rebel against their mother country. Soon people began to boycott British goods, which aggravated the situation even more. After the several boycott attempts, such as the Boston Tea Party incident, an event in time known as the Boston Massacre occurred. Though only a few people were killed, it was much exaggerated. Soon enlightened ideas were spread throughout the colonies. Ideas like, natural rights, encouraged people to break off from England. To ensure the majority of the colonial citizens, colonial leaders brought in an English writer named, John Locke, to write a pamphlet to encourage nationalism and to break off fro m the British. In 1775, The North American colonist and the English engaged in a massive war in North America to determine who would control the thirteen colonies. Future political leaders such as Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, and Adams bravely led the Minute Men. Many battles were lost, and many were won. Battles such as the Battle of Saratoga, and Bunker Hill, helped inspire the colonists to keep fighting the British and eventually defeating the British. When the Revolutionary War was over, the colonies were in a high state of nationalism and were in a huge debt to others. At the same time, the Rev. War had many positiv...

What to Expect in an Online Class

What to Expect in an Online Class Evolving web technology has made it possible to take a class or even earn a degree from a major university without ever sitting in a classroom. Some students take online courses as part of traditional degree programs. For example, I teach several of my undergraduate courses as both traditional on-ground classes and online classes. Online classes hold some similarities with traditional on-ground courses, but there are also many differences. Depending upon the school, program, and instructor you choose, your online class may entail synchronous asynchronous elements. Synchronous elements require that all students log in at the same time. An instructor might provide a live lecture using a web cam or might hold a chat session for the entire class, for example. Asynchronous elements do not require that you log in at the same time as other students or your instructor. You might be asked to post to bulletin boards, submit essays and other assignments, or participate with other class members on a group assignment. Communication with the Instructor occurs through: E-mailBulletin boardsChat roomsInstant messageVideo conference (like Skype)Telephone (sometimes) Lectures are taught through: Web conferencesTyped lecturesTeleconferencesBulletin boardsText chatStreaming audioRecorded lectures Course participation and assignments include: Discussion board postsEssay assignmentsConstructing web pagesCreating blogsCollaborating on wiki pagesTests (conducted online) What you need: Computer capable of streaming video and multitaskingPrinterHigh speed internet (no dial up!)Basic computer skills: Internet surf, downloading media, search, emailSelf-discipline and motivationRegular blocks of time Most online universities offer demonstrations for online courses on their web sites, which allows you to preview the virtual learning experience beforehand. An orientation class may be required by some schools, in which you will meet the instructors, staff, and other students. You will also learn about the technology used, available tools that are needed to get started, and resources available to online students, such as library facilities. Many online degree programs have residencies that require that students come to campus for one or more days every year.

Buddhist Ethics and Thailands Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buddhist Ethics and Thailands Politics - Essay Example litical order in both the classical and contemporary states of South and Southeast Asia has been the center of critical religious studies (McDaniel, 2009). From the initial periods, Buddhism has exhibited a marked preference for monarchical types of government but monarchial claims are only one side of the coin as far as appreciating the connection between power and political authority. The political environment in Thailand considerably changed in June 1932 when a group of youthful scholars who had been studying outside the country and adopted principles of Western democracy carried out a bloodless coup that demanded for a shift from an absolute to a lawful kingdom. The then king, His Majesty King Prajadhipok agreed to their demands so that he could avoid any bloodshed and the absolute monarchy was abolished necessitating a transfer of power to the new form of government that was constitutional. Thailand is governed under a constitution that was adopted in 2007 after the coup that took place in 2006 where the king heads the state and the prime minister who heads the government is elected by the House of Representatives and is not allowed to serve more than eight consecutive years. The House of Representatives and the Senate whose members are elected through popular vote while others are nominated make up the national assembly. After the revolution in 1932 that brought to an end the absolute monarchy, Thailand has been rocked by intermittent military interferences, with nineteen coups and coup attempts in the years that followed (Farrelly, 2013). The concurrent military interventions after the one that took place in 1932 has meant alternations between military rule and more democratic instances even though the democratic periods were not independent from military influence. The coup culture in Thailand can be said to be the most critical contribution to the comparative debates concerning military intervention as far as politics is concerned (Farrelly, 2013). The

The Responses to the Humanitarian Erisis in Darfur Essay

The Responses to the Humanitarian Erisis in Darfur - Essay Example This low incidence of intervention seems at odds with the agreement entered into by most countries in the Genocide Convention of 1948 wherein they committed, under Art 1, â€Å"to prevent and to punish†2 the crime of genocide. Could this failure to intervene in the genocidal activities of sovereign states be rooted in the inability of the human rights movement to propel international action? The case of Darfur provides a timely opportunity to examine the truth of that theory. It is imperative that a definition of genocide be explored and established first since much of the controversy surrounding international inaction today are in many ways related to the very definition and application of the term â€Å"genocide†. As is best exemplified by Shelly’s wordplay above, the definition and use of the term genocide has been muddled by political stratagems which seem to follow an unspoken rule to never use the term at all costs. Instead of the term â€Å"genocide†, terms such as â€Å"ethnic violence†, â€Å"ethnic cleansing†, â€Å"acts of genocide†, and â€Å"civil war† have become the trademark of the politically-savvy. It would be as though by avoiding the term genocide, a humanitarian crisis such as Rwanda or Darfur would cease to be genocide and transform into something more palatable to the taste. We must thus resort back to the definition of genocide agreed upon by the same international community before t hey actually found themselves bound to make good on such definition. In the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the following definition is clearly detailed.

Factors Causing Substance Abuse Relapse

Factors Causing Substance Abuse Relapse Relapse among substance abusers after treatment is an old phenomenon that has always been the nemesis of nations all around the world (Golestan, Abdullah, Ahmad Anjomshoa, 2010). For long, studies have found that through several generations, relapse to substance abuse after treatment remains one of the greatest challenges in the treatment of all forms of substance abuse including alcohol, marijuana, heroin and cocaine (Marlatt George, 1984; Polivy Herman, 2002; Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Many a study posits that when people attempt to change an undesired or problematic behavior, there is a high possibility of an initial lapse (Golestan et al., 2010; Marlatt George, 1984; Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Drug dependency has been typified as a persistent relapsing disorder (McLellan, Lewis, O’Brien Kleber, 2000). In clinical terms, relapse is defined as a return to a maladaptive use of substance, such as marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, heroin, cocaine or other illicit psychoactive drugs after having been previously treated for the same substance abuse disorder (Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Researches on the substance abuse phenomenon posit that on the average, within a year of receiving treatment, most patients revert to previous levels of substance use (Hall, Havassy Wasserman, 1990; Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Substance abuse clients and counselors both consider relapse as a major challenge militating against substance abuse prevention strategies (Golestan et al., 2010). Global statistics on the rate of relapse to substance use is disturbing. Both counselors and clients admit that whereas it is tough for a client to quit the use of drugs, it is even tougher to stay off the drug after intensive treatment (Ducray, Darker, Smyth, 2012; Moeller et al., 2001). Notwithstanding the client-focused and intensive treatment modules available for substance abuse, most treated clients return to the use of the abused substance after a period of abstinence (Polivy Herman, 2002). Substance abuse is shrouded with personal and social problems including the health of society regarding its political, social, economic and cultural issues in various degree (Hendershot, Witkiewitz, George, Marlatt, 2011). The price for using and abusing illicit drugs are weighty and incontestable. The attendant health complications, poor psychosocial functioning and adverse economic implications such as government’s expenditure on treatments and rehabilitation of substance abusers have all been well documented (Burger, 2008; Parrott et al., 2004; Pressley McCormick, 2007; United Nations Office on Drug and Crime’s report, 2013). Piggot, Carson, Saha, Torbeyns, Stock and Ingenito (2003) have stated that relapse to substance abuse could lead to such consequences as cognitive impairment, non-adherence to medication, personal distress, imprisonment and hospitalization. Decades of research on substance abuse have implicated psychosocial factors such as mental health, significant life events and social functioning as playing critical roles in influencing the relapse rates and the abuse of drugs among clients who have previously been treated for substance abuse disorders (Hammerbacher Lyvers, 2006; Melberg, Lauritzen, Ravndal, 2003). Contextual factors such as living and working environments have been considered as relevant when accounting for relapse precipitants in substance abusers (Reece, 2007). Consistently, researchers have identified psychosocial factors including self-efficacy, negative affects, ineffective coping responses and a host of high-risk situations as precipitating the relapse to substance use (Connors, Maisto Zywiak, 1996; Larimer, Palmer Marlatt, 1999; Marhe, Waters, Van de Wetering Franken, 2013; Mattoo, Chakrabarti Anjaiah, 2009; Reece, 2007). Several other psychosocial factors including fights and interpersonal conflicts, peer pressure, divorce, strained relationship with friends, family and co-workers (Broome, Simpson Joe, 2001; McLellan, Lewis, O’Brien Kleber, 2000) have been found to increase the risk of relapse to substance abuse. Community supports (Ibrahim Kumar, 2009), support from family and friends (Broome et al., 2001) and stressful life events (Wills, Vaccaro McNamara, 1992) have also been found to determine clients relapse state after rehabilitation. Information about psychological and social (contextual) factors relating to relapse and substance abuse may both be critical and important for planning clinical intervention strategies as well as contribute to aftercare and community-based interventions. Literature is replete with studies correlating cultural and religious variables to relapse to substance abuse. Ethno-cultural identity and religiosity have been found to moderate substance use among particular groups of people (Chen, Dormitzer, Bejaro Anthony, 2004). In particular, there has been a significant negative correlation found among people with higher levels of religious practice (religious devotion) and substance abuse (Chen et al., 2004; Kliewer Murrelle, 2007). Since four decades ago when scientific approach into the study of relapse has started (Marlatt Gordon, 1984), there has been ample evidence that suggest various relapse rates for various substances. In one earlier study, about 90% of alcoholics who received treatment experienced at least one relapse over a 4-year period (Polich, Armor, Braiker, 1981). In another study, Cornelius et al. (2003) found that 66% of the respondents had resumed their drug use within six months after treatment. There exist various relapse rates for the various substances of abuse. Differences in these rates could be attributed to several factors including the definition of relapse, individual’s variables, characteristics of the addiction and the effectiveness and success of treatment (Connors, G.J., Maisto Zwiak, 1996). Substance abuse and relapse phenomenon have been conceptualized and explained through a number of theories. In particular, the Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Relapse Process (Marlatt Gordon 1984, 1985; Witkiezie Marlatt, 2004) and the Relapse Syndrome Model (Gorski Miller, 1982; Gorski, 1990) have expansively explained the process and indicators involved in relapse to substance abuse. Other theories that explicate relapse to substance abuse include the Stress-diathesis Model (Gatchel, 1993), the Self-medication Hypothesis (Duncan, 1974; Khantzian, Mack, Schatzberg, 1974), the Bidirectional Model (Biafora Jr. et al., 1994), the Psychological Distress Model (Mercier et al., 1992) and the Behavioral Choice Model (Bickel Vuchinich, 2000). The Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Relapse Process and the Relapse Syndrome Model – the foundations of this study are discussed comprehensively in the next chapter. In general, substance use is attributed to a number of factors, including, psychosocial, biological and contextual variables (Nordfjà ¦rn, 2011). In particular, psychosocial factors have been known to be critical determinants of relapse to substance abuse. Significant life events, psychosocial distress and self-efficacy have all been identified as significant predictors of relapse to substance abuse (Hendershot, Witkiewitz, George, Marlatt, 2011; Nordfjà ¦rn, 2011). Studies have found major positive and negative events, similar to those found in the general population, have significant influence in the lives of substance abusers (Melberg et al., 2003; Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004). Periods such as the loss of a loved one, or social occasions and events such as funerals, wedding celebrations, and birthday parties have been found to have influenced the return to alcohol and drug abuse (Melberg et al., 2003; Saunders Kershaw, 2006). For instance, a client discharged from a substance abuse rehabilitation facility after treatment could remain sober for a long period only to lapse during a funeral or wedding celebrations. Unquestionably, the role of psychological distresses, including depression, interpersonal conflicts, and anxiety in substance abuse and relapse have long been noted (Grant et al., 2004). Continuous interpersonal conflicts with a spouse or a co-worker, for example, could lead to depression, or outburst of anger and frustrations. The individual could revert to alcohol and drugs to either help take cope the situation or to empower him or her to face the perpetrator. Empirical supports linking psychological distress to substance use and abuse exist. In one study, clients with psychological distress were found to abused alcohol and drugs than those without any psychological distresses (Grella, Hser, Joshi, Rounds-Bryant, 2001). Self-efficacy, defined as one’s belief that a task can be carried out successfully to achieve a desired outcome (Bandura, 1997), has been associated with substance abuse and relapse (Nordfjà ¦rn, 2011). Clients who show low levels of self-efficacy, for instance, have been found to have shown high levels of alcohol and substance abuse (Hendershot, Witkiewitz, George, Marlatt, 2011). Individuals who lose confidence in themselves and in their efforts to succeed, no matter the venture, could for long remain depressed and frustrated. The individual may then resort to substance use, amid the frustration, to enflame some happiness. Gradually from a lapse, the substance abuse behavior may continue and become a full blown relapse. 1.1 Statement of the problem Unquestionably, the abuse of alcohol and drugs remains problematic in most countries of the world. The 2013 World Drug Report by the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) revealed that over 35 million people, representing 0.8% of the adult population worldwide use heroin, cocaine or a combination of both. Of this population, it is estimated that 10-13% will become drug dependent and will forfeit their sobriety (UNODC Report, 2013). The UNODC’s statistics for 2013 on the worldwide estimate of substance abuse is even more frightening. The report revealed that in 2012, between 167 and 315 million people aged 15–64 were estimated to have used an illicit substance in the preceding year. West Africa is not excluded from the problem of drug trafficking and abuse. About a decade ago the region was declared as a transit route for hard drugs (Drug News Africa, 2012). According to the Ghana Demographic Health Survey Report (GDHS) for 2009, the sub-region had become not only a transitory route, but more disturbingly, a consumer market of these illicit psychoactive drugs (GDHS Report, 2009). The report concluded that the abuse of hard drugs was on the increase and had attracted the attention of most health professionals in Ghana (GDHS Report, 2009). The Out-patient Monthly Morbidity Returns (OMMR) records for 2012 from the Department of Psychiatric of the Regional Hospital, Sunyani, showed that of the 2,284 patients who accessed the facility for the year, about 596(26%) were alcohol and drug abuse related cases. In the same year, out of the 1,047 new cases seen, 413 were substance abuse related disorders, with 138 having been either re-admitted or treated on at least one other occasion for the same diagnosis. This statistics showed a 12% increase in substance abuse and relapse cases as compared to that of the preceding year (OMMR for Psychiatric Unit: Regional Hospital, Sunyani, 2012). The Drug News Africa states that about 1.25 million Ghanaians in 2012 had drug addiction problems, mostly marijuana (Drug News Africa, 2012). Studies on substance abuse in Ghana (Affinnih, 1999a Lamptey, 2005; Redvers et al., 2006) estimate more worrisome statistics. In no doubt, more people may be abusing drugs in Ghana than is estimated. This is very disturbing since the rates of relapse to substance abuse after treatment remain high. For instance, Brandon, Vidrine and Litvin (2007) noted that the relapse rates for most individuals after the cessation of alcohol or tobacco for a year ranges from 80 – 95%. Notwithstanding the type and frequency of the drug in use, the penalties are always grave. Witkiewitz and Marlatt (2004) noted that violence, legal problems, depression and suicide attempts are some of the adverse consequences of substance use. The availability and the increasing use of these illicit psychoactive drugs results in its dependence with its attendant psychosoci al adverse effects. Undoubtedly, substance abuse has profound health, economic and psychosocial consequences to the individual, family, community and nation. Studies (Berk, 2007; Large, Sharma, Compton, Slade, Olav, 2011; Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2004) have shown a number of physical, psychological and health-related consequences following the continuous use and abuse of substances. At the personal level, substance abuse has been associated with adverse biopsychosocial consequences, including heart failure, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, cancer, stroke and capillary haemorrhages, irritability and restlessness, mild paranoia, physical exhaustion, mental confusion, loss of weight; fatigue or depression and unemployment (Davison, Neale, Kring, 2004; Kring, Davison, Neale, Johnson, 2007). Similarly, the families of substance abusers also share in the consequences. In particular, the loss of productive hours in care of the substance abuser and the cost of treatment have been documented (Moos, 2007; Redve rs et al., 2006). A number of social and economic implications have also been noted at the community and national levels. Increase in crime rates, unemployment, poor academic or job performance, school dropout, divorce and the diversion of scarce national resources for treatment and rehabilitation of substance abusers have been associated with substance abuse (Burger, 2008; Parrott et al., 2004; Pressley McCormick, 2007). 1.2 Aim and objectives of the study Willig (2008) argues from a pragmatic viewpoint that the aim of research is not about generating abstract truth free from the experience of people but rather to provide insight that will inure to the benefit of humanity. Hence the aim of this study is to explore the psychosocial precipitants of relapse and the rate of relapse among substance abusers in the Sunyani Metropolis. More specifically, the objectives of this study are: To explore the various psychosocial factors that contribute to relapse of substance abusers in the Sunyani Metropolis To estimate how often respondents return to pre-treatment levels of substance abuse after treatment To explore the role of the family, culture and religion in relapse or abstinence among respondents. To explore the preventive/coping strategies clients use to prevent relapse. To explore the psycho-socioeconomic consequences of relapse to the respondents, their families and society. 1.3 Relevance of the study In 2005, a total of 86,003 outpatient attendances were recorded by the three psychiatric hospitals in Ghana (Ofori-Atta et al., 2010). Substance abuse disorders were among the top psychiatric diagnoses for the attendance, accounting for about 22.8%. Even more frightening was the number of substance abusers projected to develop psychological disorders in the course of time. The passage of the Ghana Psychological Bill and the Ghana Mental Health Law in 2012 mandates the Ghana Health Service to employ Clinical Psychologists to all regional and district hospitals in the country to treat and manage the myriad psychological problems faced by clients. In no doubt, substance abuse and relapse would be one of the major clinical diagnoses these clinicians would encounter. Reece (2007) has postulated that contextual and environmental factors are critical determinants of relapse among substance abusers. Certainly the environmental conditions of Europe and elsewhere are significantly different from those in Ghana and the rest of Africa. Consequently, one cannot readily attribute the factors found to have precipitated substance abuse and the resultant relapse of a different context to that in Ghana. More widely, findings from this research would aid Clinical Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Psychiatric Nurses, policymakers and relatives of clients to better understand the psychosocial factors that precipitate the relapse phenomenon and the rates at which relapse to substance abuse occur when deciding how best to offer treatment options to develop effective relapse preventive strategies which are contextual in the management of the relapse phenomenon. Furthermore, although there are studies on substance abuse in Ghana (Affinnih, 1999a Lamptey, 2005; Redvers et al., 2006), there is a paucity of data regarding the psychosocial factors that influence relapse to substance abuse. The rates of relapse to substance abuse among substance abusers have also not been well documented. Of equal importance, the findings from this study would add to the literature on the relapse

Scope of nursing

Expanding o r E panding your Scope of N rsing Nursing Practice – a practical g p guide Leanne Boase Deborah Pedron The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice What is it? Why Wh is it so important? Why is everyone talking about it? Who manages it? Who is responsible? Aims of this Presentation To define what Scope of Practice means for Nurses and Midwives Midwives. 2. To present different concepts around Scope of Practice 3 To report on findings of a small survey of fldi nurses and Scope of Practice 4.To discuss expanding Scope of Practice and provide a framework 5. To relate these concepts to ‘real life' nursing roles. According to our nurses, Scope Of P ti (SOP) is: so sop Guidelines and Frameworks we need to abide and work within SOP relates to what I am allowed and not allowed to do within my profession SOP relates to codes of conduct, ethics and professional conduct SOP relates to what a nurse can do within their skill base Area of tasks, procedures and actions a nurse can legally and safely undertake according to their training and educationThe scope of which my role as a RN, specialist or credentialed DNE can work within Maintaining knowledge base and competency through constant learning and professional development Something which I am taught, qualified, taught qualified or competent to do What is Scope of Practice? â€Å"That which Nurses and â€Å"the range of roles, functions, functions responsibilities & activities, which a registered nurse or a registered midwife is educated, competent, and has the authority to perform † perform. (An Bord Altranais pl) Midwives are educated, competent and authorised to perform. (QNC p3) Scope of p practice is not defined in many places. We should define nursing practice and outline principles to assist with the expansion of one's scope of practice And/ Or Require the health professional to identify restricted activities.

Working Capital Management Relevant In The 21st Century Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5565 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In these contemporary days, all businesses trying to keep their working capital management at high level and also trying to get with 21th century .Up to date, the main aim for all business are to survive, to exist and to struggle each other; so this requires keeping a proper working capital management against unexpected events resulting from the future. Two companies, Arà §elik a.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸. which was established at 1955 by Rahmi Koà § , has 22,000 workers and 14 facility around world and 8,4 billion Tl revenue within ; Vestel a.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Working Capital Management Relevant In The 21st Century Finance Essay" essay for you Create order which was established at 1953 by Mehmet Zorlu that wants to become worldwide company continued export oriented growth strategy and has 15 000 workers , were chosen for this case study. Quality racing and competition of last 10 years helped home appliance industry has in large degree in Turkey. Immediately after, beginning of consumer awareness led businesses into competition.Thus, among the companies which are operating in the same sector, Arà §elika.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸. And Vestel A.S. should have the right working capital management mechanism to survive. Moreover, by checking of Arà §elik and Vestel working capital management, it can be said that which kind of problems they will face and will affect on the market. For example, DSO , DPO , DIO and CCC have to be low and also CCC must close to shortest(smallest) level which is company reach , minimum level of CCC represent effective operation and cash management for companies ,so after analysis which will be made , the right comments can be made about Arà §elik and Vestel. In the end, depending on the results and problems, the right recommends can be mentioned. 2. Introduction It can be said that 3 phases in business life; First one is introduction part for investors ideas and plans, Second phase is that the investment which is decided to be made by investors and turning out of the company. In the last phase, going into operation of a company, meaning that, providing of all equipments, labor force, starting to produce and to sell of all products. Importance of working capital management arises. Working capital management is the most important component of business activities, and focuses on short term investments and investment decision of companies success of company depends on having enough of net working capital and being of good quality. This is Due to the success of a company related with power of paying its debts. , capable of finding new credits and also having a good net work ing capital. At the first instance this easily explains why working capital management is so important for progress. Whether an international company or a domestic company, all principles of working capital are the same for all institutions. Thus, companies decide that how much amount of investment will be made and how to finance them by taking into consideration of risks and stability. Companies try to raise their values with decisions in working capital management. However; international businesses encounter with difficulties as international financing and investment opportunity as well as fluctuations in value of money, the potential foreign exchange controls, a large number of tax applications. As its seen, working capital management is not only the component of working capital; it also includes decisions about how working capital will be funded for future beings. Nonetheless, Current assets and current liabilities play an important value for balance sheet of businesses; a lso ensure continuity of businesses, which are components that deeply related with working capital management. Lastly , Working capital company work at full capacity, production must continue, uninterrupted , for positive business volume, broaden, and thus reducing the risk to meet its obligations to increase the credit worthiness, financial distress in times of crisis, and not live to carry out the profitable activity and efficient manner is of great importance. 3. Is Working Capital Management relevant in the 21st century? It is strongly seen that working capital is most important case in the 21st century. Working capital finances the cash flow cycle. When working capital is negative, and then means company has no funds from its day to day operations. Working capital answers that how much funding a business needs to operate? Short term funding is very necessary for companies; because to make the way in long term, it is needed cash in short term to survive against go ba nkrupt. Later on, net working capital will be positive means that current asses excesses current liabilities. From companies looking, excess of working capital operating inefficient. Because it shows that customers still owe to the company, there is no money return and cannot be used for company obligations. This can be observed by comparing working capital structure of the companys time to time. If there is slow collection, this can give signal of incoming problems. The main goal of working capital management is to obtain the balance of each working capital components. Therefore; the main is, convert funds held in banks to cash thereby maximizing the interest earned. In recent years, dynamic discounting method is used on customers to maximize working capital. This will provide early payment to companies, more cash inflow to be used for obtaining proper operating in working capital management. At the present day, necessity of working capital may vary according to departments. Each component must be placed on the right department to be used. Because, whilst some departments need significant levels of inventory; the others need little. The necessity of working capital management must be taken into account in relation to other aspects of departments. 4. Definition of working capital management Working capital is all assets convertible to money and all expenses are done, in order to be used for starting into operation of a company as well as to carry these all activities on. Current assets are gross working capital. So, what is net working capital? It is the result of: Current assets -short term liabilities = Net working capital Therefore, all current assets defined as: 1-liquid assets 2-securities 3-receivables 4-stocks 5-prepaid expenses for future months 6-income accruals All components of current assets are really important case for business to provide a good lead in working capital management to avoid from current risks in this current century. In accordance with all of these informations, a successful working capital management has to bear these points below: 1-divisible capability 2-Short-term and liquid 3-all components are moving and interrelated each other 4-working capital decisions can be revised as soon as possible 5-Investments have limited effect on the degree of business risk CASE STUDY -ARÇELÃÆ'„ °K 5.1Company Profile Vision Statement: -Providing of profitable, long-termed and sustainable growth -To maintain with positive growth, increasing of target market share threshold -Innovative, reaching more consumers with the products and implements -To see the future with institutional consciousness -Being a global group; providing of integration of all components and optimization Mission Statement: Adding value of human life by providing innovative, protector of nature, authentic, technologically developed products to create value for the customers. Objectives: They change their objectives due to the changing on new vision and Core operation goals pegged in line with its new vision describe three aspects of sustainability in economical, environmentally and socio-cultural. Targeting participate in solution within the profile of perpetuity approach, Arà §elik. sustains its efforts targeted towards change in climate and safe keeping of scarce natural resources. 5.2 Company s business segments and Market share Arà §elik growth %8 in 2010 in 6 products, Arà §elik A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾. is the leader of the consumer durables sector in Turkey and Romania, the second place in UK market. The first five place in all Europe .Worlds top ten consumer durables brands in nine main product segments,  leader in consumer durables market  and in fridge, freezer and oven product groups in UK. Second brand in the fridge market in Belgium, In Poland, the second exporter in washing machine market and third exporter in freezer markets, In Lithuania, first brand in all white goods market  and in washing machine and fridge product groups. Business segment produce in durable consumer goods industry, marketing and after-sales services. .White Goods .Consumer Electronics .Other Market size 6.5 million unit Market value 4.5 billion Tl %20 of Eastern Europe and Russia 5.3 Business performance EBIT and ROCE EBIT: Firstly, lets look at the EBIT, which is illustrated by graph below. We can see that amount of EBIT tl mn was changing year by year. The exact amount of each year is follows: EBIT 2009: 686 EBIT 2010: 638 EBIT 2011: 646 EBIT 2012E: 846 The graph is showing us general vision of the company, which provides assumption how much cash get into the company from their core business before the interest and taxes. Moreover, it presents operating profit after the global crisis in 2009 when the company increases their operating profit. However, after 20 09 the operating profit tends to reduce due to the euro crisis in EU zone. When we look forward at the Arà §elik global operating network, we can notice that 10 countries from EU zone fit in decreasing profits (Romania, France, Slovakia, Germany, Czech Republic, Spain, Italy, Slovakia and Poland). In result disposable income reduced in EU zone and the costs of raw material and unfinished goods accrued. In spite of that from 2010 to 2012 the operating profit tends to increase due to crisis effect decrease. ROCE: Indicates the efficiency and profitability, which are coming from companys capital investments. ROCE should always be higher than companys borrowings, because high borrowing rates cause less shareholders earnings a good ROCE is greater than borrowing rates. The formula is: EBIT / (Total Assets-Current Liabilities) ROCE2009: 686/3246:0.2113=%21.13 ROCE 2010:638/4979: 0.1281=%12.81 ROCE2011:646/5667: 0.1139=%11.22 Change, which has place from 2009 to 2010, h as got two causes. First one is total asset, the company increased their total assets for investing, total assets getting narrowed within net capital working, which reflected liquidity problem. Furthermore, from 2009 to 2010 they reduced their current liabilities and this was the reasons, which affected ROCE in 2011 increasing total assets continued. Firm faced to liquidity problem, but in the other hand, when we are looking at credit note from Fitch Ratings is AA. Thats why quality of companies is in bit higher risk than AAA and this position makes AAA the best credit note, which is stable and at minimum risk. 6.1 Companys Profile ( Vestel ) -Vestel focusing on the core business activities of the production of high-quality consumer products constantly under the control of both revenue and profitability development aims to achieve. -Europe will be remaining as the main target of Vestel, to respond new trends and add new products; its portfolio aims to be close the market. -In order to maintain its position in the market, Vestel, aims to invest more in research and development. -Internal market of the company will continue to play a pivotal role in all business activities. -The main target areas are electronic products and white goods; Vestel also expects to improve its efficiency both domestic area and abroad. 6.2. Business Segments and Market Share Vestel continued to be the leading choice of customers a total of 15 million units in 2008 with the production of the main export market in Europe. Vestel serves its customers as produce TVs, white goods and digital goods. Vestel that exporting to 131 countries worldwide offers leading-edge product to consumers. Accounting of %76 of sales, which is 2.8 billion dollars composing of %86 total exports were to Europe. The target countries are Germany, Switzerland, Australia, Denmark, Spain, Italy and Portugal .Vestel carried out export LCD TV as by %82 in 2010.Vestel has hold the title of Turke y export champion in the electronics industry for over 13 years; also Vestel won the second prize among 500 most exporting companies. Vestel is not satisfying with being export champion of its sector also it wants to be a champion in Turkeys market thanks to module production. 6.3 Business performance EBIT and ROCE We should take into account the white good market for Vestel company by the reason of different sector. Due to this we are taking VESBE (Vestel White Good company ) as an exaple. The ebit data from 2009 to 2011: 2009-169 2010-31.4 2011-59.9 indicates that after 2009 the operating profit is significantly decreasing in Vesbe and Arà §elik EBIT, but in here the decrease is so sharply, which is the first cause of EU zone crisis due to the increasing costs. Taking further look at the balance sheet and income, in 2010 statement income from sale accures as compared to 2009, but the cost of sales are increasing as well. Another important point is that gross profit, and gross profit from business operation, decreased for about %50. Moreover, administrative and marketing expenses increased as well as RD. After all to see the core causes there is need for investigate the other ratios, but even if we compare Vestel with Arà §elik, there is one conclusion that Arà §elik managed the crisis better than Vestel Even so, in 2009 governmet encourged excise tax and companies, therefore, increased their incomes. this is very important information to understand the difference between 2009-2010. ROCE : For Vestel company ROCE now is very significant for investors due to EBIT. The formula is : EBIT /(Total Assets-Current Liabilities ) ROCE2009 : 169/647 :0.2612=%26.12 ROCE2010:31.4/596: 0.0526=%5.26 ROCE2011:59.9/567 : 0.1056=%10.56 As we can see in graph in 2009, due to the government policy, Vestel used opportunity well, but after 2009 the datas decreasing sharply and it is pointing out that this company is not stable. By the reason of t his, it is not possible to managed the risk and unexpected developments from credit rating the notes from Moodys they gave to Vestel B2 (rating) it means Judged as being risky and a great credit risk It appears to be,  its unstable and the company is not so confident in dealing with investors also the risk level maximum in this company for investors. In other words Vesbe for investors is like a dice game. 7. Working capital analysis 7.1Total revenues Price times quantity gives total revenue. For short-term analysis, production decision, its very important component for companys due to balance quantity and price to get maximum profit. We will compare Vestel and Arà §elik company with graphs (The graph shows the difference between Arà §elik and Vestel. For the first look we can notice that Arà §elik and Vestel are increasing their total revenues, which is a positive signal for countrys economy, like also important factor for development in export, by the reason o f exported goods. 2010-2011% changed total revenues for Vestel, which in consequence gave %38. It is significant increase for this company, but on the other hand for Arà §elik from 2010-2011 % change in total revenue amount %21. As the result, this two data showed us that white good sector is getting wider in internal and external market. However, important thing is that, it should be sustainable for these two companies. Below there is the other information about revenues, inventories increasing from 2009 to 2011: For Arà §elik: (ml tl) 2009: 906 2010: 987 2011: 1530 For Vestel: (ml tl) 2009: 131 2010: 162 2011: 229 For Vestel from 2010 2011 increasing from inventories was at %41 and for Arà §elik in 2010-2011 %55. Therefore, now we can understand why the operating income is decreasing from 2009 until 2011. On the one hand, these two companies should increase their Total revenue sustainable, on the other hand they have to take into consideration inv entories and cost of production, its reducing the aim of profit maximization and the last thing is Total revenues and operating income should be parallel for company s goodness. 7.2 DSO It indicates that a number of the days to get revenue by a company which has been paid after transaction .If DSO is low the company will be paid in fewer days so the account is receivable. Otherwise, high DSO shows that the company receives money in longer days, like credit to its customers. The formula of DSO Accounts receivable/Total Credit Sales x Number of Days In this graph as we can see again Vestel DSO is amazingly high in 2009. Then if we look at the Account receivable from 2009 to 2011 (2009: 347, 2010: 444, 2011: 606) Account receivable is increasing,. When we turn back the formula we can understand the reason of credit sales decreasing due to the lack of collecting receivable activity. If we look at the different perspective to this case, Vestel wanted to catch Arà §elik in Do mestic and Foreign market. In addition to this they made amazing promotions like 36 48 month installment for white goods, which reflected on 2010 EBITs reduction from 168 to 31. Moreover, due to the collecting activity 210.37 days when the company couldnt take the money from customer, the production of new products was impossible and RD department couldnt make new investment. Finally, the most important thing is the company needs liquidity for the continuation of it. However, after 2009 they changed the policy on credit sales and the DSO was going back to the balanced way like Arà §elik. Also as we can see the graph, Arà §elik is trying to defend their policy just in 2009 we can notice that government excise tax incentive. The DSO was increased due to this promotions cost too. Therefore, good advice is: If your competitor is making promotion you should make too. Nevertheless, this changing is not as significant as Vestel after 2009 by the reason they turned back the normal policy and the DSO was going to be stable, which is also very important for companies (it should be not high and stable). What is more to mention, industrial averages is very important on this topic and for White Good business generally producer is selling their product with long periods. Also we can look from the other perspective and see that the company doesnt fix on their income to DSO as the consequence the company has got strong economy. In this example Arà §elik is taking positive advantage. 7.3 DIO A financial measure indicates that how long time the companys inventory turn its inventory into sales quickly. This gives investors an idea of this process will be higher or lower. The lower DIO is the better, means that inventory quickly turn into sales and become cash; but DIO varies from one industry to another. So, decreasing days show an improvement in working capital. Here is how the DSI is calculated: Inventory/Cost of Sales x 365 DIO has got key role for working c apital management. The issues are being debated on last 5 years in whole world and DIO is able to make change in industrial perspective. For instance, for automotive sector the number can be 7.6 times or 8 times in one year. In the DIO Arà §elik company is trying to do not change their policy and again it is showing us significant role of the Arà §elik Company in this sector. Further, as we can see in this graph Arà §elik is trying to develop their working capital year by year (we will see the graph of Net working Capital) DIO mean how quickly company can turn inventories into cash and it mean Liquidity after 2009 and as the result both company decrease their DIO levels, which is good sign for both company. What is more in 2009 Vestel under the average industrial level of DIO by 155.24 days and created Liquidity problem for company. The sharply decrease from 2009-2010 explained again to us why it happened (Also we will see in DPO) In white good sector its important to keep the hi gh level of DIO, but in assumption that 40 days level can be arguable for Vestel again. 7.4 DPO It indicates the average number of days a company pays to its suppliers. The formula is: (Account payables/cost of Sales)*365 Days payable outstanding is the activity how a good a company managing its account payable. The lower ratio, the quickest time the company has to pay the liabilities, the higher ratio means better credit ratio term the company gets from the suppliers. So increasing in DPO is improvement, decreasing in DPO is distortion. In 2009, as we can see in the graph, Vestel is paying their supplier more than 1 year 371.84 days and after 1 year they decreased to 64.61 days and the DPO making it longer. The DPO is positive affect to our company, but on the one hand when we will make this time longer our suppliers will affect from this negatively and for next year it will affect our net profit, operation profit etc. In addition, one more time we can understand the sharply decreased in 2009-2010 of Vestel company in this example. On the other hand, for Arà §elik DPO is very small for 2009 34.9 days and this is good for our retailers, but for our company C2C cycle it will affect negatively. According to this information Arà §elik increased and we can assume that made it longer DPO period 34.96 day to 64.90 days. 7.5 Cash Conversion Cycle The length of time, in terms of days, that takes for a company to convert its resources into cash flows. This amount of time the inventory is needed to be sold, to collected receivables and the time the company is capable of paying its bills. Company obtains inventory on credit, results that accounts payables. And also company can sell products on credit, results that in account receivables. So, cash conversion cycle measures the time between cash outflow and cash inflow. The cycle is important for especially retailer, accordance with in short term importance. The shorter cycle, the less time capital i s attached to business process, and so the better for the company profit line. The formula is : CCC:DIO+DSO-DPO In Cash conversion cycle we will understand better other indicators too. Now we should look at 2009 for both companies. Vestel has negative CCC, which means that they are not paying their supplier and concentrate at the DPO Vestel DPO we will see that is 371.84. By the reason of that it represents that they are not paying and it is affecting CCC. What is more there is explanation of sharply decreasing in 2009-2010 and increase of CCC after 2009. The result of this is change in the policy of DPO (they are bringing it to balance). Arà §elik decrease their CCC, which made a positive effect for company and after 2009 they brought it up to the steady line. Moreover, for Arà §elik we cant suggest the same fluctuation is going on 2009 to 2010, because of increasing from 2010 to 2011 decreasing. Therefore, period from 2010 to 2011 provided to as suggestion that Vestel is t rying to fix their company structure. In contrast to that from 2009 to 2010 for investors Vestel is like risky game, but in general perspective Arà §elik is trying to do their vision statement of Sustainable growth and they are not dice. On the other hand, Vestel is taking a big risk for their company. Further, we can look at the other companies for White good market in graph below. The Electrolux CCC from 2009 to 2010 is decreasing and after one year increased a bit, but we can assume that the graph looks like Arà §elik graph, so also Electrolux looks like Arà §elik, of course there is a difference from amount, but Arà §elik has got 2 problems in CCC. First one is about low DPO and the second one is about high DSO. When Arà §elik reduces DSO 40-60 days level, and also when the DPO level move to 60 days, the CCC will come to 50-60 days level. In the consequence the company will be more efficient than before. Furthermore some people do not support this analysis by the reas on of misleading information for Investors. To understand whole financial structure of companies we should analyses all indicators. Net Working Capital for Arà §elik A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ Mn TL 2009 2010 2011 Account Receivable 2,233 2,325 3,181 Inventory 907 988 1530 Account Payable (762) (969) (1250) Net Working Capital 2378 2344 3461 Net Working Capital for Vestel A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ Mn TL 2009 2010 2011 Account Receivable 347 444 606 Inventory 131 162 230 Account Payable (196) (271) (442) Net Working Capital 282 335 394 After that this two firms in the last 3 years are increasing their Nwc. However, when we look at the 2008 the crisis term we will notice that VESBE has got -80(mn TL) and Arà §elik has got 3241(mn Tl) Nwc. This repercusion is giving us a suspicious perspective for analysis again. Yet, the other ratios Vesbe doesnt stabilize their economical background and becoming insecure for Investors, but from 2009 to 2011 they improved their capital working and it is the reason why they will try to fix their economic structure. ÃÆ'„ °t appears to be that more analysis for this matter are needed, but the scale show Arà §elik again, which probably will help to understand better why they are leaders in this sector .In this tables we can see the Market Capitalization and Industrial avarage for our 2 companies additionaly Financial ratios for Investors and general view on our companies. C:UsersuserDesktopsektà ¶r.png                       8. Debtor Management and Cash Flow ARÇELÃÆ'„ °K 2009 2010 2011 Net Financial Debt/Equity %44 %22 %31 Current Ratio 1.31 2.03 1.99 Financial Leverage Ratio 0.57 0.53 0.54 VESTEL 2009 2010 2011 Net Financial Debt/Equity %238 %250 %248 Current Ratio 1.1 1.2 1.1 Liquidity Ratio 0.8 0.8 0.9 Its the strategy improved to help debtors to manage their debts. This strategy is usually enforced by an outside company or organization for debtors. Because debtors are not capable of manage the debts by their own, due to lack of knowledge and to be full of business. To minimize the loss due to taking money from debtors is the main goal of debtor management. 8.1. Analysis for Arà §elik A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾. Arà §elik, especially in the second and the third quarters led to a significant improvement in the performance and profit margin. The amount of net financial debt decreased by more than 60% thanks to generation of a positive cash flow during year. Merger between Arà §elik and Grundig was completed in the middle of 2009, contributed the process management and profitability. Arà §elik, which is one of the most profitable companies have continued to increase between competitors in 2009.Arà §elik reduced its freedom from debts to 740 billion dollars due to successful working capital management in 2009.At the end of the first quarter 2011, net freedom from debts of the company in the current period reached 1 billion TL in order to having capital requirements. Last month, Finch increased the credit ratings of Arà §elik A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾. from stable to positive. Thus, the company may borrow money at the lower interest rates. So the companys freedom from debts may decrease even more. (DPO 2009: 34.96, 2010: 64.90, 2011: 68.66). DPO rating is increasing per year; this can be said that Arà §elik A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾. catches the ideal rate of DPO. 8.2. Analysis for Vestel First of all, paying outstanding for Vestel A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾. is 367 days so at this situation it is more than 1 year. This naturally decreases Vestels credit notes ; but after due to good policy making the credit note increased to B2 ( days of payable debts decreased from 367 to 321 ).Other hand , when it is compared with Arà §elik,Vestel has bad credit rating, judged as being risky and great credit risk, so in the short-term debts are being more credit risk. Buy backing of its 225 m outstanding bonds , Vestel got a significant chance to refinance the risks and had a better position in 2011.Fitch also has affirmed the senior unsecured rating of Vestel Electronics Finance A.ÃÆ'†¦Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ guaranteed issue of USD225m 8.75% 2012 maturity notes at B/RR4.Debt burden is increasing because of demand contraction in Europe. However premium at Euro eases the burden in 2011.Also, inventory turnover was increased by Vestel especially after crisis in 200 8 so this is also another reason to ease the debt burden. Cash management Cash management is an essential skill for small businesses because they typically have limited access for proper credit and have a significant amount of prepayment costs they need to manage while waiting for receivables. Good managing cash provides a company to meet unseen expenses in addition to handling regularly-occurring events like payroll. One of The key ratio for measuring cash management is working capital productivity it s measures how the company will use the cash effective and productive ÃÆ'„ ±t can be formulate as Total revenue/Net working capital. When its compared Arà §elik and Vestel WCP, the results above are obtained: 2009 2010 2011(Arà §elik) 2009 2010 2011(Vestel) %19 %20 %23 %11 %14 %11 As we can see in the results Arà §elik company is managing their cash management more productive than Vestel and it s bring us a valuable result when companies are getting specialized on working capital management they made a win-win circle (customer-investor-company future) furthermore using working capital productive rescue the company from expenses, idle money, unnecessary investments and when they are improving working capital(it s come from how the company using cash)the result bring to company high level position in market like Arà §elik. When Arà §elik and Vestel are compared in terms of cash management, Arà §elik is seen more advantageous than Vestel. Being of Arà §elik is an older company than Vestel, provides to give more professional decisions; due to fluctuations in value of copper and Euro, Arà §elik is affected less than Vestel. This is the evidence of how Arà §elik uses working capital very well. The other point is that due to both companies are exporter, t hey have a direct effect on domestic market (balance of payment), using cash efficiently adds a plus the country economy. In the end, it is seen that Vestel is trying to increase its working capital, in case of this comes true they can go further. Research and development must be more cared of by Vestel. 9. Recommendations Weighing the pros and cons, I come to the conclusion that   in the whole project, working capital is the key element for companies economy and also important matter for whole economy in every country. Due to export when the countrys export rate is bigger than Import rate, the trade balance is getting fixed and this is significantly important for whole economy. Although, in country it effects directly to the GDP, and by the reason of that GDP ratio is the key ratio for understanding economical situation for country, because when our GDP is in sustainable growth position we can understand that our economy is growing and our life of quality is increasing . In this case this two companies are making the positive effect for country economy with export facilities. In addition to this, two company has to know how to use their cash and they shouldnt waste money. For example, if we go back to the analysis, due to the WCP, Vestel has lack of information about how to use their cash more effective. On the one hand, Arà §elik is using the money more efficient and its bringing the leadership for Arà §elik. On the other hand, Vestel should make rational choices, because when we are analyzing the ratios we are noticing that Vestel has got fluctuate situation due to their policies and Crisis. As I already indicated, they should focus on their policy and decisions first. Secondly the new market should be introduced to produce new goods (Undeveloped countries). Additionally, also we can mention that improve of efficiency level on operations is needed, because as we looked at the EBIT it was getting narrower day by day and it was also important re ason to understand Vestel situation. 2008 crisis and EU zone crises effected the purchasing power thats why companies should make discounts and promotions (its significant for using idle Inventory) for customers. The other problem worth to consider was that copper cost increased within 2008-2010, which also made the negative effect on the sector there. I should like to emphasise that  for minimizing the risk level (coming from outside), companies are required to improve liquidity, because when it will happen companies will be needing a cash. If they cannot find enough assets, the companies will live the bankruptcy. Also, if the companies dont want to live this situation there are 4 steps for Vestel. First, increase the WCP, then enhances the investments, after increase the RD facilities and finally the most import thing is to accrue the quality level of products (from customer comments) which makes the final decision for Vestel. So all in all I believe that from the Arà §eli k perspective they should keep the general level on company economy and for the sustainability should continue on Net Working Capital productivity. 10. Conclusion Crisis period that started in 2008 2009, affected Europe and in the end of it , working capital management become more important lastly. Cash demand, occurred in crisis time, while some companies went bankrupt, the others operated effective working capital management and survives from suffer in crisis bad effects. On behalf of two Turkish company Arà §elik and Vestel has picked up for this case study, the attracting point is that turning out of vision statements. Arà §elik stresses on sustainable growth insistently and we saw that it became real. As for Vestel, it wants to raise its profitability. The difference is, it shows that the robust strategies get companies to the solutions quickly, like Arà §elik. The point we want to attract is, mission and vision has how much important role on company and give us ge neral view because there lays fact of company strategy. DIO, DSO, DPO and CCC analysiss says that Arà §elik is more trust giving compared to Vestel. According to this result, Vestel should catch Arà §elik in terms of financial statement. This process will provide country to have two strong companies compete each other to be the leader in the sector .In fact, this is very important issue that competition creates values and get this value, companies will spend more money on their research and developments to call upon the customer satisfactions. In conclusion, the cash demand in crisis period and decreasing disposable income will continue to be as nightmare of businesses; but the companies which have strong working capital management and quick reacted to changes will stand after crisis. Thereafter, Vestel should use its cash management more efficiently to turn it as an opportunity in crisis time. As for Arà §elik, by protecting its current state, it should increase its activi ties around the world.